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<title>Superbubble</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Superbubble</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Super_bubble_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Super bubble (disambiguation)">Super bubble (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"supershell" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Super_shell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Super shell (disambiguation)">Super shell (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> a <b>superbubble</b> or <b>supershell</b> is a cavity which is hundreds of light years across and is populated with hot (10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) gas atoms, less dense than the surrounding <a href="Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, blown against that medium and carved out by multiple <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> and <a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar winds</a>. The winds, passage and gravity of newly born stars strip superbubbles of any other dust or gas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> lies near the center of an old superbubble, known as the <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a>, whose boundaries can be traced by a sudden rise in <a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a> <a href="Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">extinction</a> of exterior stars at distances greater than a few hundred light years.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div>

<p>The most massive stars, with masses ranging from eight to roughly one hundred solar masses and <a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a> of O and early B, are usually found in groups called OB associations. Massive O stars have strong stellar winds, and most of these stars explode as <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> at the end of their lives.

</p><p>The strongest stellar winds release kinetic energy of 10<sup>51</sup> <a href="Erg" title="Erg">ergs</a> (10<sup>44</sup> <a href="Joule" title="Joule">J</a>) over the lifetime of a star, which is equivalent to a supernova explosion. These winds can form <a href="Stellar_wind_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar wind bubble">stellar wind bubbles</a> dozens of light years across.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Inside <a href="Stellar_kinematics#OB_associations" title="Stellar kinematics">OB associations</a>, the stars are close enough that their wind bubbles merge, forming a giant bubble called a superbubble.

When stars die, supernova explosions, similarly, drive <a href="Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">blast waves</a> that can reach even larger sizes, with expansion velocities up to several hundred km s<sup>−1</sup>. Stars in OB associations are not gravitationally bound, but they drift apart at small speeds (of around 20 km s<sup>−1</sup>), and they exhaust their fuel rapidly (after a few millions of years). As a result, most of their supernova explosions occur within the cavity formed by the stellar wind bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These explosions never form a visible <a href="Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">supernova remnant</a>, but instead expend their energy in the hot interior as sound waves. Both stellar winds and stellar explosions thus power the expansion of the superbubble in the interstellar medium.

</p><p>The interstellar gas swept up by superbubbles generally cools, forming a dense shell around the cavity. These shells were first observed in line emission at <a href="Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">twenty-one centimeters</a> from <a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the formulation of the theory of superbubble formation. They are also observed in <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> emission from their hot interiors, in optical line emission from their ionized shells, and in infrared continuum emission from dust swept up in their shells. X-ray and visible emission are typically observed from younger superbubbles, while older, larger objects seen in twenty-one centimeters may even result from multiple superbubbles combining, and so are sometimes distinguished by calling them <i>supershells</i>.

</p><p>Large enough superbubbles can blow through the entire galactic disk, releasing their energy into the surrounding galactic halo or even into the <a href="Intergalactic_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergalactic medium">intergalactic medium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="N44_(emission_nebula)" title="N44 (emission nebula)">LHA 120-N 44</a> (N44) in the Large Magellanic Cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Anticenter_shell" title="Anticenter shell">Anticenter shell</a>, a supershell once called "Snickers"</li>

<li><a href="Henize_70" title="Henize 70">Henize 70</a><sup id="cite_ref-n70_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Monogem Ring<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ophiuchus_Superbubble" title="Ophiuchus Superbubble">Ophiuchus Superbubble</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huge_superbubble_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huge_superbubble-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The Scutum Supershell<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Orion-Eridanus_Superbubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion-Eridanus Superbubble">Orion-Eridanus Superbubble</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Perseus-Taurus_Shell" title="Perseus-Taurus Shell">Perseus-Taurus Shell</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:672px;max-width:672px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> image of superbubble <a href="N44_(emission_nebula)" title="N44 (emission nebula)">LHA 120-N 44</a> in the <a href="Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>. Credit: <a href="ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>/Manu Mejias.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Per-Tau Shell, a giant <a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">star-forming</a> spherical shell with the <a href="Perseus_molecular_cloud" title="Perseus molecular cloud">Perseus</a> and <a href="Taurus_Molecular_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus Molecular Cloud">Taurus</a> molecular clouds on its edge.<sup id="cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a>, a ~1,000-light-years wide and ~14 Myr old superbubble, is driving nearly all recent <a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> near the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-n70-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n70_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n70_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991130.html">Henize 70: A SuperBubble In The LMC</a>, <a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>, 1999-11-30</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFThomson2016" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Jason (2016-05-18). "Sublime image reveals superbubbles, star formation, and satellite galaxies". <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1789525419">1789525419</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell2006" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (6 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060206.html">"N44 Superbubble"</a>. <i><a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></i>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Monogem_Ring.html">Monogem Ring</a>, The <a href="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Science">Internet Encyclopedia of Science</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPidopryhoraLockmanShields2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pidopryhora, Yurii; Lockman, Felix J.; Shields, Joseph C. (2007). "The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption from the Inner Disk of the Milky Way". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>652</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">928–</span>942. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610894v1">astro-ph/0610894v1</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...656..928P">2007ApJ...656..928P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F510521">10.1086/510521</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14594723">14594723</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-huge_superbubble-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huge_superbubble_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news9882.html">"Huge 'Superbubble' of Gas Blowing Out of Milky Way"</a>. <i>PhysOrg.com</i>. 2006-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSavageSembachHowk2001" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, Blair D.; Sembach, Kenneth R.; Howk, J. Christopher (February 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/318411/pdf">"STIS and GHRS Observations of Warm and Hot Gas Overlying the Scutum Supershell (GS 018−04+44)"</a></span>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>547</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">907–</span>921. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...547..907S">2001ApJ...547..907S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318411">10.1086/318411</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15066062">15066062</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCallawaySavageBenjaminHaffner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Matthew B.; Savage, Blair D.; Benjamin, Robert A.; Haffner, L. Matthew; Tufte, Steve L. (1 April 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/318411/pdf">"Observational Evidence of Supershell Blowout in GS 018-04+44: The Scutum Supershell"</a></span>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>532</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>969. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...532..943C">2000ApJ...532..943C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318411">10.1086/318411</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15066062">15066062</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-report1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/superbubble-region-of-star-formation-was-created-by-supernovae-study-suggests/">"'Superbubble' region of star formation was created by supernovae, study suggests"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBialyZuckerGoodmanFoley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bialy, Shmuel; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa; Foley, Michael M.; Alves, João; Semenov, Vadim A.; Benjamin, Robert; Leike, Reimar; Enßlin, Torsten (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac1f95">"The Per-Tau Shell: A Giant Star-forming Spherical Shell Revealed by 3D Dust Observations"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>919</b> (1): L5. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09763">2109.09763</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...919L...5B">2021ApJ...919L...5B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac1f95">10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237581543">237581543</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222130830/https://scienmag.com/1000-light-year-wide-bubble-surrounding-earth-is-source-of-all-nearby-young-stars/">"1,000-light-year Wide Bubble Surrounding Earth Is Source Of All Nearby, Young Stars - SCIENMAG: Latest Science And Health News"</a>. 12 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienmag.com/1000-light-year-wide-bubble-surrounding-earth-is-source-of-all-nearby-young-stars/">the original</a> on 22 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerGoodmanAlvesBialy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Alves, João; Bialy, Shmuel; Foley, Michael; Speagle, Joshua S.; Großschedl, Josefa; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Burkert, Andreas; Khimey, Diana; Swiggum, Cameren (January 2022). "Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble". <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7893): <span class="nowrap">334–</span>337. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05124">2201.05124</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..334Z">2022Natur.601..334Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04286-5">10.1038/s41586-021-04286-5</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35022612">35022612</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245906333">245906333</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Tenorio-Tagle, G., & Bodenheimer, P. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1988ARA%26A..26..145T">Large-scale expanding superstructures in galaxies</a>". 1988, <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i> <b>26</b>, 145–197. General overview.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Supernovae316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li>

<li><a href="Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li>

<li><a href="Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li>

<li><a href="Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li>

<li><a href="Foe_(unit)" title="Foe (unit)">Foe/Bethe</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillips_relationship" title="Phillips relationship">Phillips relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li>

<li><a href="R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li>

<li><a href="Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_white_dwarfs%2C_neutron_stars%2C_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barnard's_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler's_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li>

<li><a href="G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li>

<li><a href="SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li>

<li><a href="Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li>

<li><a href="Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Supernovae</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernovae" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Supernovae">Commons:Supernovae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nebulae699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Nebulae699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebulae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Visible nebula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dark_nebula" title="Dark nebula">Dark nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffuse_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse nebula">Diffuse nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emission_nebula" title="Emission nebula">Emission nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Nova remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="H_II_region" title="H II region">H II region</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">Reflection nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Variable_nebula" title="Variable nebula">Variable nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary nebula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Pre-stellar nebulae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">Giant molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporating_gaseous_globule" title="Evaporating gaseous globule">Evaporating gaseous globule</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">Solar nebula</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Stellar nebula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Nova remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Post-stellar nebulae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Clouds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a>

<ul><li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_cirrus" title="Infrared cirrus">Infrared cirrus</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_Flux_Nebula" title="Integrated Flux Nebula">Integrated Flux Nebula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-velocity_cloud" title="High-velocity cloud">High-velocity cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="H_I_region" title="H I region">H I region</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bipolar_nebula" title="Bipolar nebula">Bipolar nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinwheel_nebula" title="Pinwheel nebula">Pinwheel nebula</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Intergalactic blobs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lyman-alpha_blob" title="Lyman-alpha blob">Lyman-alpha blob</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Lists_of_nebulae" title="Lists of nebulae">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_diffuse_nebulae" title="List of diffuse nebulae">Diffuse</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_nebulae" title="List of largest nebulae">Largest Nebulae</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary</a> (PNe)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_protoplanetary_nebulae" title="List of protoplanetary nebulae">Protoplanetary</a> (PPNe)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Supernova remnants</a> (SNRs)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cometary_knot" title="Cometary knot">Cometary knot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Nebula" class="extiw external" title="commons:category:Nebula">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:nebula" class="extiw external" title="wikt:en:nebula">Wiktionary</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Superbubble&oldid=1294504466">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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